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Just Enough Algebra

Section 5.2 Exponential growth and decay

It is 2:00 a.m. and Joe is up studying. The dorm has quieted down, but Joe’s feeling mighty jittery. He drank 5 large mugs of coffee in the past few hours and all that caffeine is peaking in his system now. At around 200 mg per mug, Joe wonders when his caffeine levels will drop down to where he can sleep a little.
First things first: staying up that late to study is probably a bad idea. I mean, who can think properly at 2:00 in the morning? And, how tired is Joe going to be by the time his test rolls around? Plus, we know that
\begin{equation*} 5 \text{ mugs} \ast \frac{200 \text{ mg}}{\text{mug}} = 5 \times 200 = 1{,}000\text{ mg} \end{equation*}
which is a lot of caffeine, probably more than he needed to stay awake.
At this point Joe is stuck so let’s help him. Let’s say that at 2:00 a.m. he has 1,000 mg of caffeine in his blood. Joe searches online and discovers that 13% of the caffeine should leave his body each hour and below 300 mg he should be fine. When will that happen?
We know how percent increase works, but here the caffeine is leaving his body according to a percent decrease. I guess we need to figure it out one step at a time. After one hour (by 3:00 a.m.), Joe will have
\begin{equation*} 1{,}000 \text{ mg} - 13 \% \text{ of } 1{,}000 \text{ mg} = 1{,}000- 0.13 \times 1{,}000 = 1{,}000 - 130 = 870 \text{ mg} \end{equation*}
By 4:00 a.m. (after 2 hours), Joe will have
\begin{equation*} 870 \text{ mg} - 13 \% \text{ of } 870 \text{ mg} = 870 - 0.13 \times 870 = 870 - 113.1 = 756.9 \text{ mg} \end{equation*}
Wait a minute. When we calculated 13% decrease on 1,000 mg we got 870 mg. That’s 87% of 1,000. Yeah, that’s right, take off 13% and you should be left with 87% of what you started with because \(100\% - 13\% = 87\%\text{.}\) So we could have calculated
\begin{equation*} 1{,}000 \times 0.87 = 870 \text{ mg} \end{equation*}
and then
\begin{equation*} 870 \times 0.87 = 756.9 \text{ mg} \end{equation*}
Aha, to find the amount after a 13% decrease we just multiply by 0.87.
Still nowhere near 300 mg so fast-forward. For example, after 5 hours (at 7:00 a.m.), we need to multiply 1,000 by 0.87 five times
\begin{equation*} 1000 \ast 0.87 \ast 0.87 \ast 0.87 \ast 0.87 \ast 0.87= 1{,}000 \ast 0.87^5 \end{equation*}
where we use a power to abbreviate repeatedly multiplying. So
\begin{equation*} 1000 \ast 0.87^5 = 1{,}000 \times 0.87 \wedge 5 = 498.420920\ldots \approx 498.4 \text{ mg} \end{equation*}
The bad news is that it’s 7:00 a.m. and Joe is still too jittery to sleep. The good news is that we can write the equation. The variables are
\begin{align*} J \amp= \text{ Joe's caffeine level (mg) } \sim \text{ dep} \\ H \amp= \text{ time (hours since 2:00 a.m.) } \sim \text{ indep} \end{align*}
Our equation must be
\begin{equation*} J = 1{,}000 \ast0.87^H \end{equation*}
Notice this equation fits our template for an exponential equation.
\begin{equation*} \text{dep }=\text{ start } \ast \text{growth factor}^{\text{indep}} \end{equation*}
A little terminology here. When a function is exponential but decreasing, it’s called exponential decay. It sounds a little odd to say “growth factor” if the quantity is getting smaller so we sometimes say decay factor instead. We know from the Percent Change Formula that the growth factor (\(g\)) can be found from the growth rate (r) by the formula \(g=1+r\text{.}\) If we think of 13% decrease as negative growth rate, \(r=-13\%=-0.13\text{,}\) then the formula still works to find the decay factor (\(g\))
\begin{equation*} g= 1 + r = 1 + -0.13 = 1-0.13 = 0.87 \end{equation*}
Back to jittery Joe. Let’s summarize what we’ve found and add a few more times to see when Joe’s caffeine level should fall below 300 mg.
time 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00
\(H\) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
\(J\) 1,000 870 756.9 658.5 572.9 498.4 433.6 377.3 328.2 285.5
vs. 300 high high high high high high high high high low
That means Joe should be able to fall asleep by around 11:00 a.m. Exactly when his exam starts. Sorry, Joe.
We could have solved the equation instead. We were looking for \(J = 300\text{.}\) Using our equation \(J = 1{,}000 \ast 0.87^H\) we get
\begin{equation*} 1{,}000 \ast 0.87^H=300 \end{equation*}
Divide each side by 1,000 to get
\begin{equation*} \frac{\cancel{1{,}000} \ast 0.87^H}{\cancel{1{,}000}}= \frac{300}{1{,}000} \end{equation*}
which simplifies to
\begin{equation*} 0.87^H = \frac{300}{1{,}000} = 300 \div 1{,}000 = 0.3 \end{equation*}
We find ourselves in the familiar situation – solving to find the exponent. Logs to the rescue. By the Log-Divides Formula with growth factor \(g=0.87\) and value \(v= 0.3\) we get
\begin{equation*} Y = \frac{\log (v)}{\log(g)}= \frac{\log (0.3)}{\log(0.87)} = \log (0.3) \div \log (0.87) = 8.64537506\ldots \approx 9 \end{equation*}
which corresponds to 11:00 a.m. Same answer. Much quicker.
Quick side note. We could have rounded to 8.64 hours and then converted units to get
\begin{equation*} 0.64 \text{ hours} \ast \frac{60 \text{ minutes}}{1 \text{ hour}} = 0.64 \times 60 = 38.4 \approx 39 \text{ minutes} \end{equation*}
Counting from 2:00 a.m., we see that Joe’s caffeine levels drop below 300 mg at 10:39 a.m. Since we are approximating throughout the problem, we should round to 11:00 a.m. anyway.
Let’s calculate the rate of change and think about what it means. During the first hour,
\begin{equation*} \text{rate of change} = \frac{\text{change dep}}{\text{change indep}} = \frac{870\text{ mg}-1{,}000\text{ mg}}{\text{3:00 a.m.} - \text{2:00 a.m.}} = \frac{-130 \text{ mg}}{1 \text{ hour}} = -130 \text{ mg/hour} \end{equation*}
Was the rate of change supposed to be negative? Sure. Joe’s caffeine level is dropping. Any decreasing function has a negative rate of change. And, as exam time approaches,
\begin{equation*} \text{rate of change} = \frac{\text{change dep}}{\text{change indep}} = \frac{285.5\text{ mg}-328.2 \text{ mg}}{\text{11:00 a.m.} - \text{10:00 a.m.}} = \frac{-42.7 \text{ mg}}{1 \text{ hour}} \approx -43 \text{ mg/hour} \end{equation*}
Joe’s caffeine level was dropping faster at first and is not dropping as fast now.
A glance at the graph confirms our findings.
One last thing. There’s another way to describe the decrease here. When our story began Joe’s caffeine level was around 1,000 mg and after 5 hours it was at 498.4 mg. That’s just about 500 mg, or half of what he started with. We say the half-life of caffeine is around 5 hours.
Doesn’t sound very important but check this out. Start with 1,000 mg. After 5 hours, there’s 500 mg left. (Okay, approximately.) Now go another 5 hours, which means 10 hours total. Evaluate our equation \(J = 1{,}000 \ast 0.87^H\) when \(H =10\) to get
\begin{equation*} J = 1{,}000 \ast 0.87^{10} = 1{,}000 \ast 0.87 \wedge \underline{10} = 248.423414\ldots \approx 250 \text{ mg} \end{equation*}
That means half of what was left is now gone. Go another 5 hours. Lose another half. Check for yourself:
\begin{equation*} J = 1{,}000 \ast 0.87^{15} = 1{,}000 \ast 0.87 \wedge \underline{15} = 123.819426\ldots \approx 125 \text{ mg} \end{equation*}
And so on. Cool.

Do you know …

  1. How to write an exponential equation given the starting amount and percent decrease?
  2. What “half-life” means?
  3. What “doubling time” means?
  4. What the graph of exponential growth and exponential decay look like?
  5. Why the rate of change for exponential decay is negative?
If you’re not sure, work the rest of exercises and then return to these questions. Or, ask your instructor or a classmate for help.

Exercises Exercises

Exercises 1-4 are available in a separate workbook format.

1.

A signal is sent down a fiber optic cable. Its strength decreases by 2% each mile it travels. (Say it was one unit strong to start.) (Story also appears in 0.8.3.b and 0.6.3)
(a)
Name the variables, including units.
(b)
Make a table showing the strength of the signal over the first five miles.
(c)
Write an equation relating the variables.
(d)
The signal will need a booster (something to make the signal stronger again) when it has fallen to under 0.75 units. How far along the cable should the booster be placed? Set up and solve an equation.
(e)
What is the half-life (or should we say half-distance) of a signal? That means, how far can it travel without dropping below 50%? (That will not actually happen because we would boost the signal.) Again, set up and solve an equation.
(f)
Draw a graph illustrating the relationship.
(g)
Indicate the points on your graph where you can check your answers to parts (c) and (d).

2.

A recent news report stated that cell phone usage is growing exponentially in developing countries. In one small country, 50,000 people owned a cell phone in the year 2000. It was estimated that usage would increase at 1.4% percent per year.
(a)
Name the variables including units.
(b)
Assuming the growth is exponential, write an equation for the function.
(c)
At this rate, how many years would it take for the number of people owning a cell phone to double? That is called the doubling time. Show how to set up and solve an equation to find the answer.
(d)
In 2011, about 682,000 people owned a cellphone. Is that count higher or lower than predicted from your equation? Explain.
(e)
Based on the 2011 data, would you say that cell phone usage was growing slower or faster than 1.4%?

3.

If a person has a heart attack and their heart stops beating, the amount of time it takes paramedics to restart their heart with a defibrillator is critical. Each minute that passes decreases the person’s chance of survival by 10%. Assume that this statement means the decrease is exponential and that the survival rate is 100% if the defibrillator is used immediately.
(a)
Name the variables, including units, and write an equation.
(b)
If it takes the paramedics 2 minutes to use the defibrillator, what is the person’s chance of survival?
(c)
Use successive approximation to estimate to the nearest minute when the survival rate drops below 50%. Display your guesses in a table.
(d)
Solve your equation to find exactly when the survival rate drops below 50%.

4.

You and two buddies each invite 10 people to “like” your online group. Suppose everyone accepts and then they each invite 10 people. And then everyone accepts and they each invite 10 people. And so on. Of course, there is likely to be substantial overlap, but for the moment pretend that there is not any overlap.
(a)
There are 3 friends to start. In the first round they each invite 10 friends, so a total of 30 new people “like” your online group in the first round. How many new people “like” your group in the second round? The third?
(b)
Name the variables and write an equation showing how the number of new people increases in each round. Think of the original 3 friends as round 0.
(c)
Make a table showing this information. Continue your table to include the number of new people who “like” your group in the fourth and fifth rounds.
(d)
What is the total number of people who “like” your online group after five rounds? Hint: add
(e)
Comment on why our assumption is unrealistic.

5.

Joe’s girlfriend Ceyda starts the day by downing two cans of Red Bull, containing a total of 160 mg of caffeine. Her body eliminates the caffeine at a slightly slower rate of 12% each hour.
(Story also appears in 0.3.7)
(a)
Name the variables and write an equation to model this situation.
(b)
What’s the half-life of caffeine for Ceyda? Set up and solve an equation.
(c)
Ceyda heard that drinking a glass of water an hour can help eliminate caffeine faster. If so, would the half-life be shorter or longer? Explain.

6.

The population of bacteria in a culture dish begins at 2,000 and will triple every day.
(Story also appears in 5.3.6)
(a)
Name the variables, including units and dependence.
(b)
Make a table showing the number of bacteria at the start and after 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days.
(c)
Write an equation illustrating bacterial growth.
(d)
Your equation should fit the template for an exponential equation. What is the daily growth factor?
(e)
Use your equation to extend your table to include 10 days, 20 days, and 30 days. Be careful to report the large numbers appropriately. Hint: scientific notation
(f)
The dish can support around 1 million bacteria. When does that happen? Give your answer to the nearest hour.
(g)
Draw a graph, including a table of reasonable values. Remember, the dish can only support up to 1 million bacteria, so your graph should go up to 1 million.

7.

Tenzin bought a house for $291,900 but the housing market collapsed and his house value dropped 4.1% each year.
(Story also appears in 0.3.9)
(a)
Name the variables and write an equation relating them.
(b)
At this rate, how many years would it take for the value of Tenzin’s house to drop below $240,000? Use successive approximation to guess the year.
(c)
Now set up and solve an equation.

8.

One modern technique for cleaning waste water involves the use of constructed (man-made) wetlands. Wetlands act as a natural biofilter for various contaminants in the waste water. After each month in the wetlands, only about 1/4 of the contaminants remain in any given sample. Suppose a sample had 8 grams of contaminants before it was processed in the constructed wetlands.
(Story also appears in 5.3.6)
(a)
How much would remain in the sample after 1 month? 2 months? 3 months?
(b)
Name the variables and write an equation relating them.
(c)
Your equation should fit the template for an exponential equation. What is the monthly decay factor?
(d)
According to your equation, when will the contaminants fall below 1 mg? 1 \(\mu\)g? Remember \(1 \text{ gram} = 1{,}000 \text{ mg}\) and \(1 \text{ gram} = 1{,}000{,}000\, \mu \text{g}\text{.}\)
(e)
Draw a graph illustrating the waste water treatment process for the first 6 months.

9.

Hibbing, Minnesota is the hometown of baseball star Roger Maris, basketball great Kevin McHale, the Greyhound Bus lines, the Hull-Rust-Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine and, perhaps most famously, songwriter Bob Dylan. It is not a big town. In 2000 the population was reported at 17,071 residents, with an expected decrease of around 0.4% per year.
(Story also appears in 0.1.3)
(a)
What is the annual decay factor?
(b)
Name the variables and write an equation relating them.
(c)
Based on these estimates, what was the anticipated population of Hibbing in 2010?
(d)
The actual 2010 U.S. Census estimate of Hibbing’s population was 16,361 people. Was the decrease slower or faster than expected? Was the decay rate more or less than 0.4%? Explain.

10.

Donations to a local food shelf have increased 35% over last year. There were 3,400 pounds of food donated last year.
(Story also appears in 5.3.3)
(a)
Name the variables, measuring time since last year. (Yes, it’s a little awkward.)
(b)
Write an exponential equation relating the variables, assuming the rate of increase continues.
(c)
How much was donated this year? How much is expected next year? The year after?
(d)
At this rate, what is the doubling time? That means, how long would it be until twice as much is donated. Set up and solve an equation to answer. Report your answer to the nearest month.
(e)
The agency estimates that around 12,000 pounds of food is needed each year to meet the needs of the people they serve. In how many years will donations reach that level? (In your answer, say how many years from now.)